Importance of Good Precedents for Sustaining Democracies...

There are many different reasons why the partition of India occurred. When Britain oppressed India, they had a divide-and-conquer policy that exacerbated the religious and cultural rifts that already existed in the society. The Muslim League, which believed in the ideology of â€Å"Pakistan†, actively campaigned to gain more support for the Muslims in India, especially under the guidance of dynamic leaders like Jinnah. Pakistani leader and founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that this partition was inevitable since â€Å"‘[a] united India would never have worked’† (Komireddi 2009). He and others thought that a unified state would only lead to the relegation of Muslims to the fringe of society and, ultimately, to violence and civil war. The Indian†¦show more content†¦The east and west sides of Pakistan were not divided over religion (they were mostly all Muslim), rather the division was on the basis of culture and language. West Pakistan was Punja bi while East Pakistan was Bengali. In 1971, there was a major war between India and Pakistan and the east side of Pakistan split off into what is today called Bangladesh. For the purposes of this essay, we will be focusing on just Pakistan and India. The people in both countries have very common and even interlocked backgrounds, so how is it that these countries have very divergent political atmospheres since partition? India, adapting from the legacy of British rule and the Government of India Act 1935 for its constitution, kept the idea of federalism and was also successful in operating its political system within the formal democracy. Except for 18 months between 1975 and 1977 India maintained its democratic institutions. In the five decades since partition, there have been twelve legislative elections and many more state assembly elections. There have been seven peaceful transfers of power between rival political parties at the central (federal) level (Varshney 1998). Since 1967, the party that ruled in New Delhi has not ruled in nearly half of the states (Varshney 1998). A fleeting sample of the morning newspapers will show that the press in India has remained diverse, dynamic, free, and altogether unafraid toShow MoreRelate dThe Importance Of Religious Freedom1256 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of Religious Freedom Over a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxious—loved ones said theirRead More The United States, the United Nations, and Global Human Rights4796 Words   |  20 Pagesadvancing the notion of democracy and not necessarily by advocating global peace as it once had. Ironically, even though the UN aided the U.S. into its position as a world leader post-WWII, the U.S. tends to believe that the UN is holding them back from further developing as a prevailing Nation. This conflict between the U.S. and the UN can be seen specifically in the events leading up to America’s war on Iraq, w here the U.S. demonstrated the use of force to promote democracy as their method of improvingRead MoreEssay on Human Rights in the European Union5052 Words   |  21 PagesAlso, the scope of the protection provided by these two texts is different. The Convention of the Council of Europe relates solely to civil and political rights, while the Charter of the European Union covers additional aspects, such as the right to good administration, workers social rights, and bioethics. In addition, the Charter covers those political rights of Union citizens that, by definition, cannot be included in the Convention of the Council of Europe. Working alongside the Council’sRead MoreWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 PagesSecretary-General in 2001 Background of the Study 1. Water is directly related with the survival of human kind and it is crucial unlike other resources, because it does not have choices and alternatives. As a consequence of global warming and pollution, importance of water has increased much. Some 2 billion people† already lack water supplies. Water use has risen six-fold over the past 70 years. By 2050, it is estimated that 4.2 billion people live in countries that cannot meet people’s daily basis needsRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 Pagessignificant domestic, Islamist opposition movements. In Saudi Arabia Islamist opposition is so strong that the government regularly suffers from armed terror attacks. For more information see Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999) 173175; Mohammed Almezel, Bahrain Court Postpones Trial of Islamists, GuZfNews (December 7,2 004); Kuwait Detains 32 Suspects Lirrked to Gun-Battles, Khaleej TimesRead MoreDevelopment by Gustavo Esteva8857 Words   |  36 Pagesbased on the knowledge of those laws. Truman took over this perception, but transferred the role of prime mover — the primum movens condition — from the communists and the proletariat to the experts and to capital (thus, ironically, following the precedents set by Lenin and Stalin). The debris of metaphors used throughout the eighteenth century began to become part of ordinary language in the nineteenth century, with the word development, accumulating in it a whole variety of connotations. This overloadRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate, very often connect in important ways with these and other major developments. The opening essays of this collection underscore the importance of including the late 1800s in what is best conceived as a â€Å"long† twentieth century. The 4 †¢ INTRODUCTION contributions by Jose Moya and Adam McKeown and Howard Spodek consider in nuanced detail key developments in transport and communicationRead MoreEngineering Ethics in Practice: a Guide for Engineers18096 Words   |  73 PagesContents 1 2 Foreword and introduction Accuracy and rigour 2.1 Case study: Ensuring others are not misled 2.2. Further case studies Honesty and integrity 3.1 Case study: Preventing corruption 3.2 Further case studies Respect for life, law and public good 4.1 Case study: Health and safety 4.2 Further case studies Responsible leadership: listening and informing 5.1 Case study: Promoting public awareness 5.2 Further case studies Conclusion Resources 3 6 7 10 12 13 17 18 19 22 24 25 28 29 31 35 37 40 Read MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pageslast few years a process of juridical and political recognition of multiculturalism has initiated.6 These measures however have not contributed to transforming the State, or to guaranteeing equal opportunities of access in the construction of democracy. The central problem continues to be the form and behavior removal or diminishment of recognition, enjoyment, or exercise, under equal conditions, of human rights and fundamental liberties in political, economic, social, cultural spheres, orRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesBritain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the British tradition of academic accounting. Serious in intent, he has striven both to illuminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other